.htaccess 用法大全

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这里收集的是各种实用的 .htaccess 代码片段，你能想到的用法几乎全在这里。

免责声明: 虽然将这些代码片段直接拷贝到你的 .htaccess 文件里，绝大多数情况下都是好用的，但也有极个别情况需要你修改某些地方才行。风险自负。

.htaccess文件(或者"分布式配置文件"）,全称是Hypertext Access(超文本入口)。提供了针对目录改变配置的方法， 即，在一个特定的文档目录中放置一个包含一个或多个指令的文件， 以作用于此目录及其所有子目录。作为用户，所能使用的命令受到限制。管理员可以通过Apache的AllowOverride指令来设置.

RewriteEngine On

表示重写引擎开启，关闭用off，作用就是方便的开启或关闭以下的语句，这样就不需要一条一条的注释语句了

RewriteCond

表示重写条件，其中：“^”符号代表URL开始 ，“$”符号代表匹配结束 ，“.”号是特殊字符，需要用\转义

RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.xxx.com/$1

重写规则，最重要的部分，意思是当上面的RewriteCond条件都满足的时候，将会执行此重写规则，“^(.*)$”是一个正则表达的匹配，匹配的是当前请求的URL，“^(.*)$”意思是匹配当前URL任意字符，.表示任意单个字符，“*”表示匹配0次或N次（N>0），后面“http://www.xxx.com/$1”是重写成分，意思是将前面匹配的字符重写成http://www.xxx.com/$1，这个$1表示反向匹配，引用的是前面第一个圆括号的成分，即^(.*)$中的.*

RewiteBase /

如果不设置rewritebase 为/ ，将会匹配整个网址http://www.xxx.com/c.html

正则表达式

  • R[=code](force redirect) 强制外部重定向，强制在替代字符串加上http://thishost[:thisport]/前缀重定向到外部的URL.如果code不指定，将用缺省的302 HTTP状态码。
  • F(force URL to be forbidden)禁用URL,返回403HTTP状态码。
  • G(force URL to be gone) 强制URL为GONE，返回410HTTP状态码。
  • P(force proxy) 强制使用代理转发。
  • L(last rule) 表明当前规则是最后一条规则，停止分析以后规则的重写。
  • N(next round) 重新从第一条规则开始运行重写过程。
  • C(chained with next rule) 与下一条规则关联，如果规则匹配则正常处理，该标志无效，如果不匹配，那么下面所有关联的规则都跳过。
  • T=MIME-type(force MIME type) 强制MIME类型
  • NS (used only if no internal sub-request) 只用于不是内部子请求
  •  NC(no case) 不区分大小写
  •  QSA(query string append) 追加请求字符串
  • NE(no URI escaping of output) 不在输出转义特殊字符
  • PT(pass through to next handler) 传递给下一个处理，例如：RewriteRule ^/abc(.*) /def$1 [PT] # 将会交给/def规则处理 Alias /def /ghi
  • S=num(skip next rule(s)) 跳过num条规则
  • E=VAR:VAL(set environment variable) 设置环境变量

重新和重定向

注意：首先需要服务器安装和启用mod_rewrite模块。

强制 www

另外，下载的zm-first-letter-avatar.php文件中有几行加了注释：

  1. RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^example\.com [NC]
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R=301,NC]

可以根据需要适当修改。

强制 www通用方法

  1. RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
    RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|
    RewriteRule ^ http%1://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

这种方法可以使用在任何网站中。

判断移动设备转向

  1. RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} "android|blackberry|googlebot-mobile|iemobile|ipad|iphone|ipod|opera mobile|palmos|webos|UCBrowser|wap" [NC]
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !\.(gif|png|jpg|jpeg|jfif|bmp|css|js)$ [NC]
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://m.anttoweb.com/$1 [R=302,L]

http跳转到https

  1. RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^443$
    RewriteRule (.*) https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R=301]

强制 non-www

究竟是WWW好，还是non-www好，没有定论，如果你喜欢不带www的，可以使用下面的脚本：

  1. RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.example\.com [NC]
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [L,R=301]

强制 non-www通用方法

  1. RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.
    RewriteCond %{HTTPS}s ^on(s)|off
    RewriteCond http%1://%{HTTP_HOST} ^(https?://)(www\.)?(.+)$
    RewriteRule ^ %1%3%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

强制 HTTPS

  1. RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !on
    RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}    # Note: It's also recommended to enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
    # on your HTTPS website to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks.
    # See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/HTTP_strict_transport_security
    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
    Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains"
    </IfModule>

强制 HTTPS 通过代理

如果你使用了代理，这种方法对你很有用。

  1. RewriteCond %{HTTP:X-Forwarded-Proto} !https
    RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

强制添加末尾斜杠

  1. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /+[^\.]+$
    RewriteRule ^(.+[^/])$ %{REQUEST_URI}/ [R=301,L
    ]

取掉末尾斜杠

  1. RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
    RewriteRule ^(.*)/$ /$1 [R=301,L]

重定向到一个页面

  1. Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html
    Redirect 301 /oldpage2.html http://www.example.com/folder/
    Source

目录别名

  1. RewriteEngine On
    RewriteRule ^source-directory/(.*) target-directory/$1

脚本别名

FallbackResource /index.fcgi
This example has an index.fcgi file in some directory, and any requests within that directory that fail to resolve a filename/directory will be sent to the index.fcgi script. It’s good if you want baz.foo/some/cool/path to be handled by baz.foo/index.fcgi (which also supports requests to baz.foo) while maintaining baz.foo/css/style.css and the like. Get access to the original path from the PATH_INFO environment variable, as exposed to your scripting environment.

  1. RewriteEngine On
    RewriteRule ^$ index.fcgi/ [QSA,L]
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L]

This is a less efficient version of the FallbackResource directive (because using mod_rewrite is more complex than just handling the FallbackResource directive), but it’s also more flexible.

安全

拒绝所有访问

  1. ## Apache 2.2
    Deny from all    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all denied

But wait, this will lock you out from your content as well! Thus introducing…

拒绝所有访问(排除部分)

  1. ## Apache 2.2
    Order deny,allow
    Deny from all
    Allow from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all denied
    # Require ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is your IP. If you replace the last three digits with 0/12 for example, this will specify a range of IPs within the same network, thus saving you the trouble to list all allowed IPs separately. Source

Now of course there’s a reversed version:
屏蔽爬虫/恶意访问

  1. ## Apache 2.2
    Order deny,allow
    Allow from all
    Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
    Deny from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all granted
    # Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
    # Require not ip xxx.xxx.xxx.xxy

保护隐藏文件和目录

Hidden files and directories (those whose names start with a dot .) should most, if not all, of the time be secured. For example: .htaccess, .htpasswd, .git, .hg…

  1. RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
    RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
    RewriteRule “(^|/)\.” – [F]

Alternatively, you can just raise a Not Found error, giving the attacker dude no clue:

  1. RedirectMatch 404 /\..*$

保护备份文件和源代码文件

These files may be left by some text/html editors (like Vi/Vim) and pose a great security danger if exposed to public.

  1. <FilesMatch "(\.(bak|config|dist|fla|inc|ini|log|psd|sh|sql|swp)|~)$">
    ## Apache 2.2
    Order allow,deny
    Deny from all
    Satisfy All    ## Apache 2.4
    # Require all denied
    </FilesMatch>

禁止目录浏览

  1. Options All -Indexes

禁止图片盗链

  1. RewriteEngine on
    # Remove the following line if you want to block blank referrer too
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http(s)?://(.+\.)?example.com [NC]
    RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp)$ - [NC,F,L]# If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image,
    # replace the above rule with:
    # RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

禁止图片盗链(指定域名)

Sometimes you want to 禁止图片盗链 from some bad guys only.

  1. RewriteEngine on
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite\.com [NC,OR]
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^http(s)?://(.+\.)?badsite2\.com [NC,OR]
    RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ - [NC,F,L]    # If you want to display a "blocked" banner in place of the hotlinked image,
    # replace the above rule with:
    # RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp) http://example.com/blocked.png [R,L]

密码保护目录

First you need to create a .htpasswd file somewhere in the system:

  1. htpasswd -c /home/fellowship/.htpasswd boromir

Then you can use it for authentication:

  1. AuthType Basic
    AuthName “One does not simply”
    AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
    Require valid-user

密码保护文件

  1. AuthName "One still does not simply"
  2. AuthType Basic
  3. AuthUserFile /home/fellowship/.htpasswd
  4.  
  5. <Files "one-ring.o">
  6. Require valid-user
  7. </Files>
  8.  
  9. <FilesMatch ^((one|two|three)-rings?\.o)$>
  10. Require valid-user
  11. </FilesMatch>

通过Referrer过滤访客

This denies access for all users who are coming from (referred by) a specific domain.
Source

  1. RewriteEngine on
  2. # Options +FollowSymlinks
  3. RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} somedomain\.com [NC,OR]
  4. RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} anotherdomain\.com
  5. RewriteRule .* - [F]

防止被别的网页嵌套

This prevents the website to be framed (i.e. put into an iframe tag), when still allows framing for a specific URI.

  1. SetEnvIf Request_URI "/starry-night" allow_framing=true
  2. Header set X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN env=!allow_framing

性能

压缩文件

  1. <IfModule mod_deflate.c>
  2.  
  3. # 强制 compression for mangled headers.
  4. # http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2010/12/pushing-beyond-gzipping
  5. <IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
  6. <IfModule mod_headers.c>
  7. SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
  8. RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
  9. </IfModule>
  10. </IfModule>
  11.  
  12. # Compress all output labeled with one of the following MIME-types
  13. # (for Apache versions below 2.3.7, you don't need to enable `mod_filter`
  14. # and can remove the `<IfModule mod_filter.c>` and `</IfModule>` lines
  15. # as `AddOutputFilterByType` is still in the core directives).
  16. <IfModule mod_filter.c>
  17. AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/atom+xml \
  18. application/javascript \
  19. application/json \
  20. application/rss+xml \
  21. application/vnd.ms-fontobject \
  22. application/x-font-ttf \
  23. application/x-web-app-manifest+json \
  24. application/xhtml+xml \
  25. application/xml \
  26. font/opentype \
  27. image/svg+xml \
  28. image/x-icon \
  29. text/css \
  30. text/html \
  31. text/plain \
  32. text/x-component \
  33. text/xml
  34. </IfModule>
  35.  
  36. </IfModule>

设置过期头信息

Expires headers tell the browser whether they should request a specific file from the server or just grab it from the cache. It is advisable to set static content’s expires headers to something far in the future.

If you don’t control versioning with filename-based cache busting, consider lowering the cache time for resources like CSS and JS to something like 1 week. Source

  1. <IfModule mod_expires.c>
  2. ExpiresActive on
  3. ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 month"
  4.  
  5. # CSS
  6. ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 year"
  7.  
  8. # Data interchange
  9. ExpiresByType application/json "access plus 0 seconds"
  10. ExpiresByType application/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
  11. ExpiresByType text/xml "access plus 0 seconds"
  12.  
  13. # Favicon (cannot be renamed!)
  14. ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 week"
  15.  
  16. # HTML components (HTCs)
  17. ExpiresByType text/x-component "access plus 1 month"
  18.  
  19. # HTML
  20. ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 0 seconds"
  21.  
  22. # JavaScript
  23. ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year"
  24.  
  25. # Manifest files
  26. ExpiresByType application/x-web-app-manifest+json "access plus 0 seconds"
  27. ExpiresByType text/cache-manifest "access plus 0 seconds"
  28.  
  29. # Media
  30. ExpiresByType audio/ogg "access plus 1 month"
  31. ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month"
  32. ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
  33. ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month"
  34. ExpiresByType video/mp4 "access plus 1 month"
  35. ExpiresByType video/ogg "access plus 1 month"
  36. ExpiresByType video/webm "access plus 1 month"
  37.  
  38. # Web feeds
  39. ExpiresByType application/atom+xml "access plus 1 hour"
  40. ExpiresByType application/rss+xml "access plus 1 hour"
  41.  
  42. # Web fonts
  43. ExpiresByType application/font-woff2 "access plus 1 month"
  44. ExpiresByType application/font-woff "access plus 1 month"
  45. ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
  46. ExpiresByType application/x-font-ttf "access plus 1 month"
  47. ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
  48. ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
  49. </IfModule>

关闭eTags标志

By removing the ETag header, you disable caches and browsers from being able to validate files, so they are forced to rely on your Cache-Control and Expires header. Source

  1. <IfModule mod_headers.c>
  2. Header unset ETag
  3. </IfModule>
  4. FileETag None

其它

设置PHP变量

  1. php_value <key> <val># For example:
    php_value upload_max_filesize 50M
    php_value max_execution_time 240

Custom Error Pages

  1. ErrorDocument 500 “Houston, we have a problem.”
    ErrorDocument 401 http://error.example.com/mordor.html
    ErrorDocument 404 /errors/halflife3.html

强制下载

Sometimes you want to 强制 the browser to download some content instead of displaying it.

  1. <Files *.md>
  2. ForceType application/octet-stream
  3. Header set Content-Disposition attachment
  4. </Files>

Now there is a yang to this yin:

阻止下载

Sometimes you want to 强制 the browser to display some content instead of downloading it.

  1. <FilesMatch "\.(tex|log|aux)$">
  2. Header set Content-Type text/plain
  3. </FilesMatch>

运行跨域字体引用

CDN-served webfonts might not work in Firefox or IE due to CORS. This snippet solves the problem.

  1. <IfModule mod_headers.c>
  2. <FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|ttc|ttf|woff|woff2)$">
  3. Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
  4. </FilesMatch>
  5. </IfModule>

Auto UTF-8 Encode

Your text content should always be UTF-8 encoded, no?

  1. # Use UTF-8 encoding for anything served text/plain or text/html
  2. AddDefaultCharset utf-8
  3.  
  4. # 强制 UTF-8 for a number of file formats
  5. AddCharset utf-8 .atom .css .js .json .rss .vtt .xml

切换PHP版本

If you’re on a shared host, chances are there are more than one version of PHP installed, and sometimes you want a specific version for your website. For example, Laravel requires PHP >= 5.4. The following snippet should switch the PHP version for you.

  1. AddHandler application/x-httpd-php55 .php
  2.  
  3. # Alternatively, you can use AddType
  4. AddType application/x-httpd-php55 .php

禁止IE兼容视图

Compatibility View in IE may affect how some websites are displayed. The following snippet should 强制 IE to use the Edge Rendering Engine and disable the Compatibility View.

  1. <IfModule mod_headers.c>
  2. BrowserMatch MSIE is-msie
  3. Header set X-UA-Compatible IE=edge env=is-msie
  4. </IfModule>

支持WebP图片格式

If WebP images are supported and an image with a .webp extension and the same name is found at the same place as the jpg/png image that is going to be served, then the WebP image is served instead.

  1. RewriteEngine On
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} image/webp
    RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/$1.webp -f
    RewriteRule (.+)\.(jpe?g|png)$ $1.webp [T=image/webp,E=accept:1]
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